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Antibodies, like other proteins, contain natural amino acid functional groups that can be used for labeling and conjugation—for example, surface amines from Lys or the N-terminus; surface carboxylic acids from Asp, Glu, or the C-terminus; and phenolic groups from Tyr. Antibodies also have unique disulfide bonds in the hinge region that can be selectively reduced and used as specific labeling sites.

Traditional antibody labeling methods often target multiple Lys residues. However, modifying Lys groups can alter the antibody’s overall pI, leading to increased nonspecific binding. If any modified Lys residues are located within the antigen-binding region, the resulting conjugate may become partially active or completely inactive.

At CellMosaic, we devote significant effort to developing processes that label antibodies at a single site or a small number of predictable sites while preserving antigen-binding affinity and specificity. These optimized methods form the basis of our Personalized Conjugation Kits (PerKit™) for antibody fragmentation, labeling, and conjugation.

• PerKit® for antibody labeling and conjugation—please click here.
• Labeled antibody reagents—please click here.
• For large-scale projects or those beyond the scope of PerKit® configurations or our routine synthesis, please contact us for a quote.

We also provide hapten–carrier bioconjugation services for antibody production. Typical haptens include proteins, peptides, oligonucleotides, and small molecules. Common carrier proteins include keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), bovine serum albumin (BSA), and ovalbumin. At the customer’s request, CellMosaic can also use synthetically designed organic molecules or natural polymers as carriers.